Remedies for non-performance：Perspectives from CISG, UNIDROIT Priniciples and PECL
INTRODUCTION
The growth of international trade makes some kind of unification necessary. Increased trade overseas has drawn attention to the problems that are caused by the different ways in which countries have chosen to regulate international sales. And the legal community has tried to facilitate overseas trade through efforts to harmonize national laws by legislative or non-legislative means.
Against such a background, the analysis in this contribution is focused on the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and PECL -- three of the most important international instruments for the regulation of international commercial transactions which combine elements from both civil law and common law systems. In so doing, this contribution provides a comparative analysis of these instruments. It is merely thought that comparison is, probably, one of the most efficient ways to underline some of the unique features inherent in some legal regimes and to develop solutions to existing theoretical problems. However, as most of the authors dealing with the vast domain of this area would have done, the author in this contribution has never meant to make an exhaustive examination of international commercial law, bearing in mind that the ability of a single contribution to deal with its many issues is limited. The approach offered here is to review some of the key issues frequently befell in international trade, based on those generally accepted principles or elaborate rules as evidenced by international restatements or conventions and usages and practices or so-called lex mercatoria that is widely known to and regularly observed in international commercial transactions.
Particularly, it is said that no aspect of a system of contract law is more revealing of its underlying assumptions than is the law that prescribes the relief available for non-performance (breach). Issues relating to the remedial provisions are difficult and central substantive issues, which will no doubt be the focus of a large part of the discussion and deliberation surrounding application of commercial law on both a domestic and an international level. Therefore, the study in this contribution focuses, in light of traditional and modern theories, on the remedial scheme established under each of the three bodies of rules, namely Part III (partial) of the CISG, Chapter 7 of the UNIDROIT Principles and Chapters 8 and 9 of the PECL. In practical terms, these sectors are the substantive heart of the particular instruments. It is where the corresponding solutions to a large proportion of real world disputes in commercial transactions are to be found.
The comparative analysis contained speculates on the potential similarities and differences of these sectors, intending to enunciate rules which are common in international commercial law and at the same time to select the solutions which seem best adapted to the special requirements of international trade. One should note, however, that to the extent this contribution doesn’t give absolute priority to any one of the three instruments, whenever it is necessary to choose between conflicting rules and sometime then to derive a number of general principles which apply to all of the rules, what’s decisive to the criterion used is not just which rule is mandatory or adopted by the majority of jurisdictions, but rather which of the rules under consideration have the most persuasive value and/or appear to be particularly well suited for international commercial transactions.
Summary of Contents
PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
Chapter 2 Remedies Available upon Non-performance
PART II PRESERVING PERFORMANCE
Chapter 3 Specific Performance
Chapter 4 Nachfrist for Late Performance
Chapter 5 Cure by Non-performing Party
Chapter 6 Price Reduction for Non-conformity
PART III TERMINATION
Chapter 7 Right to Termination
Chapter 8 Fundamental Non-performance
Chapter 9 Anticipatory Non-performance
Chapter 10 Termination of Breached Installment or Part
Chapter 11 Declaration of Termination
Chapter 12 Effects of Termination
PART IV DAMAGES
Chapter 13 General Measure of Damages
Chapter 14 Limits to Claims for Damages
Chapter 15 Damages upon Termination
Chapter 16 Agreed Payment for Non-performance
Chapter 17 Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees
Chapter 18 Payment of Interest
PART V EXCUSES
Chapter 19 Change of Circumstances
Chapter 20 Force Majeure
Chapter 21 Hardship
Chapter 22 Force Majeure & Hardship Clauses
Table of Contents
PART I GENERAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 Sources of Inspiration
六安市人民政府办公室关于印发六安市安全生产目标管理考核办法的通知
安徽省六安市人民政府办公室
六安市人民政府办公室关于印发六安市安全生产目标管理考核办法的通知
六政办〔2008〕73号
各县区人民政府，开发区、试验区管委，市政府各部门、各直属机构：
经市政府同意，现将《六安市安全生产目标管理考核办法》印发给你们，请遵照执行。
二○○八年九月二十二日
六安市安全生产目标管理考核办法
第一条 为进一步完善安全生产考核机制，强化责任落实，根据《安徽省安全生产条例》、《安徽省人民政府办公厅关于印发安徽省安全生产目标管理考核办法的通知》（皖政办〔2008〕31号）和市政府《关于进一步加强安全生产工作的决定》（六政〔2004〕51号）的规定，结合我市实际，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于市政府对各县区人民政府（管委）、市政府安全生产委员会成员单位、重点企事业单位安全生产工作目标管理考核。考核工作由市政府安全生产委员会办公室组织实施。
第三条 安全生产目标分为工作目标和控制考核指标。工作目标主要考核安全生产的组织领导和工作部署、责任制落实、监管机构和队伍建设、依法行政、安全投入、建章立制、应急救援、宣传教育、专项整治、隐患治理、事故查处、奖惩激励等。控制考核指标主要考核各类事故死亡人数、工矿商贸企业死亡人数、较大事故起数等。安全生产工作目标、控制考核指标和考核标准由市政府安全生产委员会分年度制订下达。
第四条 各县区人民政府（管委）和市政府安全生产委员会成员单位、重点企事业单位要认真履行职责，强化工作措施，层层分解落实安全生产控制考核指标；市政府安全生产委员会要加强监督检查，建立安全生产控制考核指标台账，定期通报安全生产指标控制情况，确保各项工作目标和控制考核指标的完成。
第五条 安全生产目标管理考核，采取自查自评与组织考核相结合、年度集中考核与日常考核相结合、现场考核与综合复核相结合的办法。每年7月10日前，各县区人民政府（管委）和市政府安全生产委员会成员单位、重点企事业单位将上半年安全生产工作总结和下半年工作意见报市政府安全生产委员会办公室；12月25日前，各县区人民政府（管委）和市政府安全生产委员会成员单位、重点企事业单位将年度安全生产工作总结、自查自评以及有关考核材料书面报市政府安委员会办公室。未报有关考核材料的，年度不予评先，并予以通报批评；连续两年未报有关考核材料的，考核结果视为不合格。
第六条 考核采取评分制，标准分为100分。对照年度《安全生产目标管理考核标准》，采取逐项扣分办法，直至该项标准分扣完为止。考核得分在90分以上的为安全生产工作先进单位，80分—90分（不含90分）的为安全生产工作良好单位，60分—80分（不含80分）的为安全生产工作合格单位，60分以下（不含60分）的为安全生产工作不合格单位。
第七条 县区有下列情形之一的为安全生产不合格单位：
1、年度内发生1起（含1起）重大以上安全生产责任事故的；
2、年度内发生3起（含3起）以上较大安全生产责任事故的；
3、年度内突破市下达的各类事故死亡人数控制指标的；
4、事故造成重大经济损失与社会影响的。
第八条 安全生产目标管理考核结果，经市政府安全生产委员会全体会议审议后报市政府审定。市政府对安全生产工作先进单位予以表彰和奖励，对安全生产工作做出突出贡献的先进个人，由市政府安全生产委员会予以表彰和奖励（具体办法另行制定），奖励资金列入市财政预算。
第九条 依照《六安市安全生产工作“一票否决”办法（试行）》（六政办〔2006〕81号）的规定，符合“一票否决”情形的，实行“一票否决”。
第十条 本办法由市政府安全生产委员会办公室负责解释。
第十一条 本办法自发布之日起施行，以前与本办法不相符的，依照本办法执行，国家、省另有规定的按国家、省规定执行。
